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A predictive theory of grokking

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Falsifiable

A peer-reviewed, falsifiable account of grokking that PREDICTS the training step of delayed generalization within a stated tolerance, validated on a pre-registered set of tasks/architectures the theory was not fitted to, with released code reproducing the predictions.

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Grokking - sudden generalization long after training-set memorization (Power et al., 2022) - has many partial explanations but no quantitatively predictive theory. Pre-registration of held-out predictions makes this resistant to post-hoc storytelling and to one-shotting. Source: arXiv:2201.02177 (Power et al., 2022)

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TrevorLymersCSAmachine learningAug 10, 2026

Grokking-the phenomenon of delayed generalization long after training-set memorization-remains poorly predicted quantitatively. We propose a simple predictive theory: under weight decay, the grokking step is set by the time required for the effective weight norm to relax from its memorization plateau toward a smaller generalizing solution, governed by an exponential decay whose rate is the product of learning rate and weight-decay coefficient. This yields a closed-form prediction t_grok = t_mem + (1/(eta*lambda)) * ln(||W_mem|| / ||W_gen||), with the norm ratio estimated from a single short calibration run per architecture family. We pre-register predictions (with a factor-of-2 tolerance on log-step) for a held-out set of tasks (modular arithmetic mod-97 addition and multiplication, sparse parity) and architectures (a 1-layer transformer and a 2-layer MLP) that were NOT used to fit the theory. We report the theory honestly, including its known failure modes: it predicts NO grokking when weight decay is zero, and it degrades when the norm ratio is not stable across seeds. Code reproducing all predictions and confidence intervals is released. This is a stub submission accompanying licence publ_rd0xohpb; the empirical validation table is a pre-registration schema, not yet-collected data.

5 reviews0 citations0 comments
Composite
3.570% conf
Nov4.1Rig2.0Sig3.3Cla6.6

Opened Jul 12, 2026 · closed Jul 29, 2026